Reference
(參考文獻/参考文献)

Who is "Shang Ti"?(誰是上帝/ ?)

1.  
English:
Fu Pei-jung, “ On Religious Ideas of the Pre-Chou China,” Chinese Culture: A Quarterly Review Vol. 26, no. 3 (September 1985) 23-39. (Yang Ming Shan, Taiwan: The China Academy: The Institute for Advanced Chinese Studies 1985).
This article gives a good brief comprehensive survey of research that shows the worship of Shang Ti appears in a highly developed form at the very beginnings of China's recorded history.
BIG5: Fu Pei-jung, "On Religious Ideas of the Pre-Chou China,” Chinese Culture:A Quarterly Review, Vol. 26, No. 3 (September, 1985) 23-29. (Yang Ming Shan, Taiwan:The China Academy: The Institute for Advanced Chinese Studies, 1985) 這篇文章全面性簡短的研討，顯示中國一有文字記載開始就對上帝的敬拜
有了高度的形式。
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2.  
English:
There were times in China’ s history when they forgot the God from whom they were given life as a nation. But nevertheless, they never forgot their God was "from everlasting". There was never a time in history when He wasn't there. Shang Ti is not the earliest human ancestor of the Shang Dynasty. The earliest human ancestor of the Shang Dynasty is well documented. Shang Ti is the Father of the nation of China in the same sense Jehovah is the Father of Israel! (Deut. 32:5; 2 Sam. 7:14; Isa. 1:2; 63:16; 64:8) The one true God loves to reveal Himself to people as Father.
BIG5: 在中國歷史延綿中許多時候中國人忘 記是誰賜給他們命脈，但他們從未忘 卻他們的上帝是那位『自古永有者』 。上帝從來沒有消失過。而上帝不是 商朝的始祖，商朝的始祖有歷史的記 錄。上帝是中國的父，就好比耶和華是 以色列國的父一樣(申命記32﹕5；撒下7:14;賽1:2;63:16;64:8)。 真神常以父親的身份對人類啟示 。
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3.  
English:
Thus Shang Ti was sovereign.
BIG5: 由此可見上帝是自主的。
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4.  
English:
Thus there is a strong indication that the ancient Chinese considered Shang Ti to be eternal. He has no beginning!
BIG5: 由此可見中國先祖認為天是永恆的，祂沒有開端。
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5.  
English:
K. C. Wu (§d°e·c) in The Chinese Heritage (Crown Publishers, Inc.: New York), 7, 45 documented evidence that Tien was known in China even before the Chou dynasty and was not just the supreme being of the Chou. See his footnote 17
BIG5:

K.C. Wu (吳國楨)在The Chinese Heritage (Crown Publishers, Inc: New York),pp.7,45一書當中記錄中國早在周朝以前就知道天，而天不只是周
朝所敬拜的超然神格。看此書註腳17。

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6.  
English:
The Native Americans almost universally acknowledge the existence of Sky God (Great Spirit).
BIG5: 土著美人幾乎全部承認天神的存在(Great Spirit).
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7.  
English:
Gordon Holmes Fraser, “ The Gentile Names of God,” in A Symposium of Creation V, ed. Donald W. Patten (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1975), 22-27.
BIG5: Gordon Holmes Fraser, " The Gentile Names of God" in A Symposium of Creation V, ed. Donald W. Patten (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1975), 22-27.
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8.  
English:

James Legge, The Religions of China (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1881), 8-11.
Throughout the Shu King and Shih King the three terms Shang Ti, Ti, and Tien are constantly interchanged, often in the same sentences. Ti also became an appellative for the Emperor of China. However, its use for the Emperor only began in 221 B.C. when it was adopted by the Chin Dynasty and the first Emperor took the title Hwang Ti (the great and august Ti). Previous ancient sovereigns, to whom the title of Ti has been given, only received it after their death as part of the corrupt practice of deification.
Legge also points out that Tien and Ti appear to be ancient primitives. Tien and two other subordinate phonetics derived from it, gives rise to more than forty different characters. Ti is the sole or partial phonetic element in over forty characters. Legge, The Religions of China, 60-61.

BIG5: James Legge, The Religions of China (New York: Charles Scribner’ s Sons, 1881), 8-11.
在詩經與書經中上帝、帝、天三個稱謂經常交換使用，有時甚至同時出現在同一句子當中。帝後來在221B.C.首度被秦的開國君主用來作他的封號，稱自己為始皇帝。在他之前的君主通常都是在他們過世之後，人們為了將他們升為神格來祭念，才被封以帝的稱號。作者理雅各同時指出天和帝是中國最早造的字體之一，天後來成為字根，衍生出四十多個其他的中文字。(James Legge, The Religions of China, 60-61.)
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9.  
English:
James Legge, translator of some volumes, Max Muller, editor, The Sacred Books of the East, III, xxii.
BIG5: James Legge, translator of some volumes, Max Muller, editor, The Sacred Books of the East, III, xxii.
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10.  
English:
W. H. Medhurst, A Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese With a View to the Elucidation of the Most Appropriate Term for Expressing The Deity, in the Chinese Language (Shanghae: n..p. 1847), 257-259.
BIG5: W.H. Medhurst, A Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese with a View to the Elucidation of the Most Appropriate Term for Expressing the Deity in the Chinese Language (Shanghai:n..p. 1847), 257-259
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